碳纖維的加固應用

　　到(dao)目(mu)前為(wei)止，碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)片(pian)材在混凝(ning)土結(jie)構(gou)(gou)受彎(wan)(wan)(wan)構(gou)(gou)件的(de)(de)受彎(wan)(wan)(wan)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、受剪加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和柱的(de)(de)抗震(zhen)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)中研究(jiu)和應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)最(zui)多(duo)，相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)計算理論也(ye)(ye)較(jiao)為(wei)成(cheng)熟。在受彎(wan)(wan)(wan)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)時，應(ying)(ying)使(shi)碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)受拉(la)(la)區的(de)(de)拉(la)(la)應(ying)(ying)力方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)一致，在受剪加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)時，應(ying)(ying)使(shi)碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)混凝(ning)土中主(zhu)拉(la)(la)應(ying)(ying)力方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)一致，但為(wei)了(le)施(shi)工方(fang)(fang)(fang)便，可采用(yong)(yong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)構(gou)(gou)件縱(zong)軸(zhou)(zhou)垂直的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)進行加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，抗震(zhen)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)時，應(ying)(ying)使(shi)碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)布封閉纏繞在柱上，可以較(jiao)好地提高(gao)抗震(zhen)性能，除此以外(wai)，碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)可沿構(gou)(gou)件軸(zhou)(zhou)向(xiang)(xiang)粘(zhan)貼用(yong)(yong)于(yu)受拉(la)(la)構(gou)(gou)件的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、沿環向(xiang)(xiang)粘(zhan)貼用(yong)(yong)于(yu)軸(zhou)(zhou)心(xin)受壓(ya)構(gou)(gou)件的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，在受彎(wan)(wan)(wan)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)時，也(ye)(ye)可采用(yong)(yong)對(dui)碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)施(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)力的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)以提高(gao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)效果，碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)可用(yong)(yong)于(yu)剪力墻，以及殼體、筒倉、煙囪等特種結(jie)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，這些加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)經研究(jiu)表明(ming)是有效的(de)(de)。

　　土木工程中的應用

　　將短切(qie)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)加(jia)入新混凝土(tu)中(zhong)，制(zhi)成(cheng)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)混凝土(tu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于新結(jie)(jie)構已(yi)有(you)一(yi)定的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，將碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)長絲制(zhi)成(cheng)棒材，在(zai)新混凝土(tu)中(zhong)代(dai)替(ti)鋼筋用(yong)(yong)(yong)于新建結(jie)(jie)構，主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于海洋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)(jie)構及需(xu)電磁波透(tou)過的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)(jie)構，將碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)束狀或繩狀，用(yong)(yong)(yong)于大(da)型土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的拉索或懸索結(jie)(jie)構，該方面應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)錨具(ju)連接上尚未能很好地解決，仍有(you)一(yi)定的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。在(zai)新建結(jie)(jie)構中(zhong)與混凝土(tu)一(yi)起做成(cheng)預(yu)制(zhi)混凝土(tu)板(ban)或大(da)跨梁、架等，具(ju)有(you)強度高，質(zhi)量輕(qing)和耐(nai)(nai)腐蝕及耐(nai)(nai)久性(xing)等優點，已(yi)有(you)部分工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于各(ge)種公(gong)路路面工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，可(ke)以極大(da)地提高公(gong)路的質(zhi)量及耐(nai)(nai)久性(xing)，已(yi)有(you)較多的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實例，將碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)做成(cheng)布織物或織物，用(yong)(yong)(yong)于結(jie)(jie)構加(jia)固修補，有(you)大(da)量的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，其技術已(yi)基(ji)本成(cheng)熟。

　　國內應用

　　碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)加(jia)(jia)固修補混凝土(tu)結構(gou)(gou)(gou)技術在我國(guo)(guo)起步(bu)較晚，但最近幾年系統(tong)的對碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)用于(yu)加(jia)(jia)固修補混凝土(tu)結構(gou)(gou)(gou)技術的研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)也呈(cheng)現(xian)不(bu)斷發展的趨勢，最初僅(jin)有(you)國(guo)(guo)家工(gong)(gong)(gong)業建(jian)筑(zhu)診斷與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技術研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)心一(yi)個(ge)(ge)單位(wei)，相繼(ji)有(you)清華大(da)(da)學(xue)、同濟大(da)(da)學(xue)、天津(jin)大(da)(da)學(xue)、東南大(da)(da)學(xue)、大(da)(da)連理工(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)(da)學(xue)等(deng)十余(yu)家高等(deng)學(xue)校和(he)(he)科研(yan)設計單位(wei)嘗試地進行過國(guo)(guo)產和(he)(he)進口(kou)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)織物加(jia)(jia)固混凝土(tu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)主要(yao)包括板、梁、柱等(deng)的模型實驗(yan)、加(jia)(jia)固施工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝及加(jia)(jia)固性能評價等(deng)方面(mian)的研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，已經取得了(le)(le)實質(zhi)性成果(guo)，并在工(gong)(gong)(gong)業與民用建(jian)筑(zhu)、橋梁與隧(sui)道以及公路工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)得到(dao)(dao)具體的應用，收到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)良好的效果(guo)，現(xian)在部分單位(wei)著手從事纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)增(zeng)強材(cai)料(liao)加(jia)(jia)固混凝土(tu)結構(gou)(gou)(gou)規范(fan)的研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。該(gai)課(ke)題(ti)(ti)已列入(ru)建(jian)設部研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)開發課(ke)題(ti)(ti)及國(guo)(guo)家科技部“九(jiu)五”重點攻關課(ke)題(ti)(ti)。目前這項工(gong)(gong)(gong)作還處于(yu)剛剛起步(bu)階段。自(zi)1997年5月，國(guo)(guo)家工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)心已制作了(le)(le)一(yi)些(xie)試件(jian)，分為20余(yu)個(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)況，取得了(le)(le)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)抗(kang)彎、抗(kang)剪和(he)(he)抗(kang)壓等(deng)一(yi)些(xie)有(you)價值的實驗(yan)數據，進行了(le)(le)多項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的試點，相信碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)增(zeng)強材(cai)料(liao)在國(guo)(guo)內將(jiang)有(you)廣闊的發展前景。

　　目前國內的PAN基(ji)碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)強度(du)一般(ban)在2000～3000Mpa 之間，彈性(xing)模量在2.1x105Mpa左(zuo)右，其性(xing)能基(ji)本滿足(zu)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)要求，碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)修復(fu)混凝(ning)土(tu)結構技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)研究(jiu)開發(fa)成(cheng)功(gong)后，將(jiang)(jiang)會給(gei)土(tu)木建(jian)筑(zhu)領域加(jia)固(gu)(gu)改(gai)造(zao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)帶來重(zhong)大(da)變革，采用碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)修復(fu)混凝(ning)土(tu)結構技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)將(jiang)(jiang)比(bi)以往從傳統(tong)的技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)更優越、更有效(xiao)率和更方便經濟，可以解(jie)決傳統(tong)的加(jia)固(gu)(gu)方法不能解(jie)決的技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)問題，具有重(zhong)大(da)的經濟和社會效(xiao)益(yi)。碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)修復(fu)混凝(ning)土(tu)結構技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)研究(jiu)開發(fa)成(cheng)功(gong)，將(jiang)(jiang)為碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)材料及其它(ta)高性(xing)能纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)材料應用于建(jian)筑(zhu)業打(da)下深厚(hou)的基(ji)礎。